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Edwin Smith Papyrus
The Edwin Smith Papyrus is an Ancient Egyptian medical text, named after the dealer who bought it in 1862, and the oldest known surgical treatise〔Wilkins, Robert H. ''Neurosurgical Classics.'' USA: American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Thieme, 1992. Print.〕 on trauma. This document, which may have been a manual of military surgery, describes 48 cases of injuries, fractures, wounds, dislocations and tumors. It dates to Dynasties 16–17 of the Second Intermediate Period in Ancient Egypt, ca. 1600 BCE.〔James P. Allen, "The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt". (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005), 70.〕 The Edwin Smith papyrus is unique among the four principal medical papyri in existence〔Lewkonia, Ray. “education” ''The Oxford Companion to Medicine'' (2001). ''Oxford Reference Online.'' Web. Oct. 2011.〕
that survive today. While other papyri, such as the Ebers Papyrus and London Medical Papyrus, are medical texts based in magic, the Edwin Smith Papyrus presents a rational and scientific approach to medicine in Ancient Egypt,〔Paul Ghalioungui, "Magic and Medical Science in Ancient Egypt". (New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc ,1965), 58.〕 in which medicine and magic do not conflict. Magic would be more prevalent had the cases of illness been mysterious, such as internal disease.〔Ritner, Robert K. “Magic” ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt'' (2001). ''Oxford Reference Online.'' Web. Oct. 2011.〕
The Edwin Smith papyrus is a scroll 4.68 m in length. The recto (front side) has 377 lines in 17 columns, while the verso (backside) has 92 lines in five columns. Aside from the fragmentary outer column of the scroll, the remainder of the papyrus is intact, although it was cut into one-column pages some time in the 20th century.〔Allen, pp.70〕 It is written right-to-left in hieratic, the Egyptian cursive form of hieroglyphs, in black ink with explanatory glosses in red ink. The vast majority of the papyrus is concerned with trauma and surgery, with short sections on gynaecology and cosmetics on the verso.〔Ritner, Robert K. “Medicine” ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt'' (2001). ''Oxford Reference Online.'' Web. Oct. 2011.〕 On the recto side, there are 48 cases of injury. Each case details the type of the injury, examination of the patient, diagnosis and prognosis, and treatment.〔John F. Nunn, "Ancient Egyptian Medicine". (Normal, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 26–28.〕 The verso side consists of eight magic spells and five prescriptions. The spells of the verso side and two incidents in Case 8 and Case 9 are the exceptions to the practical nature of this medical text.〔 Generic spells and incantations may have been used as a last resort in terminal cases.〔
==Authorship==
Authorship of the Edwin Smith Papyrus is debated. The majority of the papyrus was written by one scribe, with only small sections copied by a second scribe.〔Ritner, Robert K. “Magic” ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt'' (2001). ''Oxford Reference Online.'' Web. Oct. 2011..〕 The papyrus ends abruptly in the middle of a line, without any inclusion of an author.〔Allen, pp.71〕 It is believed that the papyrus is an incomplete copy of an older reference manuscript from the Old Kingdom, evidenced by archaic grammar, terminology,〔 form and commentary. The text is attributed by some to Imhotep, an architect, high priest, and physician of the Old Kingdom, 3000–2500 BCE.〔James Henry Breasted, "The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus: published in facsimile and hieroglyphic transliteration with translation and commentary in two volumes". (University of Chicago Oriental Institute publications, v. 3–4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991),9.〕
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